Free App Advertising Revenue Calculator | Estimate ROI


Free App Advertising Revenue Calculator | Estimate ROI

This instrument offers a method of estimating the earnings a cellular software can generate by way of ads. It normally takes under consideration components just like the app’s person base, common person engagement, advert codecs utilized (e.g., banner, interstitial, rewarded video), and the prevailing eCPM (efficient value per mille, or value per thousand impressions) throughout the related app class and geographic area. As an illustration, an app with a big, actively engaged person base in a high-value market might doubtlessly understand a considerably increased income forecast than an app with restricted customers in a much less profitable area, even utilizing the identical advert codecs.

The utilization of such a forecasting mechanism is significant for app builders and publishers for a number of causes. It aids in knowledgeable decision-making relating to monetization methods, funding allocations, and enterprise planning. By projecting potential advert earnings, builders can assess the viability of their app, justify growth prices, entice traders, and optimize advert placement for max yield. Traditionally, the method of estimating advert income relied closely on guesswork and rudimentary calculations. The appearance of those devices permits extra data-driven and lifelike projections, lowering danger and enhancing the potential for monetary success.

Subsequently, comprehending the underlying metrics and methodologies employed by such forecasting devices is essential for anybody searching for to monetize a cellular software successfully. Key concerns embody precisely assessing person engagement, understanding prevailing eCPM charges, and strategically deciding on advert codecs that align with the app’s design and person expertise. The next sections will delve deeper into these essential points, offering a complete understanding of how these mechanisms perform and the best way to leverage them for optimum outcomes.

1. Consumer base estimation

Correct person base estimation is a foundational component in projecting income derived from in-app promoting. An overestimation can result in unrealistic expectations and flawed monetary planning, whereas an underestimation may lead to missed alternatives for income optimization.

  • Every day Energetic Customers (DAU) and Month-to-month Energetic Customers (MAU)

    DAU and MAU metrics present a snapshot of the app’s lively person inhabitants. These figures immediately affect the potential variety of advert impressions that may be served inside a given timeframe. For instance, an app with 10,000 DAU and a median of 5 advert impressions per person per day has the potential to serve 50,000 advert impressions every day. This potential is a key enter in figuring out income projections throughout the calculator.

  • Consumer Acquisition Price (UAC)

    Understanding UAC is important for assessing the profitability of buying new customers for promoting income. If the associated fee to accumulate a person exceeds the income generated by that person by way of promoting over their lifetime throughout the app (LTV – Lifetime Worth), the person acquisition technique is unsustainable. A calculator can assist mannequin the break-even level and inform person acquisition methods. As an illustration, if UAC is $1.00 and common income per person is $0.75, the technique must be reassessed.

  • Consumer Retention Charge

    Consumer retention considerably impacts the long-term income potential of an app. A excessive retention fee ensures a constant stream of lively customers producing advert impressions over time. A calculator can incorporate retention charges into its projections, demonstrating the long-term influence of enhancing person retention. For instance, a ten% improve in retention can translate right into a 20% improve in projected annual income over a number of years.

  • Goal Viewers Alignment

    The traits of the person base and their alignment with advertiser demographics affect eCPM charges. A person base that’s extremely fascinating to advertisers (e.g., high-income, particular pursuits) will entice increased eCPM bids. A calculator can incorporate audience knowledge to refine income projections. An app centered on luxurious items with a person base matching that demographic will probably yield increased eCPM charges than a general-interest app with the identical variety of customers.

In abstract, Consumer base estimation is just not merely a matter of counting customers however a nuanced strategy of understanding person exercise, acquisition prices, retention, and alignment with advertiser demographics. These components, when precisely assessed, present vital inputs to the forecasting instrument, enabling extra knowledgeable choices relating to monetization methods and general app viability.

2. Engagement metrics

Engagement metrics function vital enter variables for estimating promoting income inside a cellular software. A direct correlation exists between person engagement ranges and the potential for advert impressions, thereby influencing income calculations. Larger engagement usually interprets to extra frequent app utilization, elevated display views, and subsequently, a higher variety of alternatives to show ads. This, in flip, attracts increased bids from advertisers, driving up the efficient value per mille (eCPM). For instance, an software with customers spending a median of half-hour every day is extra prone to generate considerably extra advert income than an identical app with a median person session of simply 5 minutes. These engagement metrics, when precisely built-in into the forecasting mannequin, present a extra lifelike and dependable income projection.

Sensible software of engagement knowledge throughout the calculator extends to optimizing advert frequency and placement. By analyzing metrics equivalent to session period, display move, and have utilization, builders can strategically place advertisements to maximise visibility with out negatively impacting the person expertise. An understanding of peak utilization instances and well-liked app sections permits for focused advert supply, doubtlessly enhancing click-through charges (CTR) and additional enhancing income. As an illustration, if analytics reveal a surge in person exercise throughout particular hours, advert campaigns will be scheduled to coincide with these peak durations, thus leveraging heightened person consideration for optimum advert efficiency. Knowledge pushed determination are the important thing.

In abstract, engagement metrics are elementary to the accuracy and utility of app promoting income calculators. Correct assortment and evaluation of those metrics, together with session size, frequency, and person interplay patterns, are paramount. Challenges lie in acquiring dependable knowledge and adapting to evolving person habits. Nonetheless, a diligent deal with these components ensures that income projections align extra intently with actuality, enabling builders to make knowledgeable choices and optimize their monetization methods successfully. Integrating engagement insights permits for refinement of monetary expectations and strategic changes to boost income potential.

3. Advert format choice

The number of applicable promoting codecs exerts a major affect on the income estimations produced by an app promoting income calculator. The efficacy of a monetization technique is intrinsically linked to the codecs applied throughout the software, immediately impacting key efficiency indicators (KPIs) and subsequent earnings projections.

  • Banner Advertisements

    Banner advertisements, usually displayed on the high or backside of the display, are among the many commonest advert codecs. Their non-intrusive nature will be helpful for person expertise; nonetheless, they typically yield decrease eCPM charges in comparison with extra participating codecs. The income calculator makes use of anticipated eCPM and fill charges for banner advertisements to estimate potential earnings, contemplating components equivalent to banner measurement, placement, and audience. As an illustration, a banner advert on a distinct segment gaming app may command a better eCPM than an identical advert on a general-interest information app, reflecting advertiser demand.

  • Interstitial Advertisements

    Interstitial advertisements are full-screen ads displayed at pure transition factors throughout the app, equivalent to between ranges in a sport or after finishing a process. These codecs typically generate increased eCPM charges as a consequence of their elevated visibility and engagement potential. The income calculator components within the frequency of interstitial advert shows, the typical completion fee, and the corresponding eCPM to venture income. Nonetheless, extreme use of interstitial advertisements can negatively influence person expertise, resulting in decreased retention and doubtlessly decrease long-term income.

  • Rewarded Video Advertisements

    Rewarded video advertisements provide customers in-app rewards, equivalent to digital forex or unique content material, in alternate for watching a video commercial. This format usually boasts excessive engagement charges and constructive person sentiment. The income calculator considers the variety of customers who choose to view rewarded movies, the typical video completion fee, and the related eCPM to estimate potential earnings. Implementing rewarded video advertisements requires cautious consideration of the motivation construction to make sure it aligns with person expectations and app mechanics.

  • Native Advertisements

    Native advertisements are designed to seamlessly combine with the app’s content material and person interface, mimicking the appear and feel of the encompassing components. This format can present a much less intrusive promoting expertise, doubtlessly resulting in increased click-through charges and eCPM. The income calculator incorporates components equivalent to advert placement, design integration, and person interplay to venture income. Efficient implementation of native advertisements necessitates a deep understanding of the app’s design and person expertise to make sure the ads are perceived as natural and related.

The number of advert codecs should align with each the app’s audience and the general person expertise to optimize income technology. A income calculator aids in evaluating the potential monetary influence of various advert format methods. By contemplating these interrelated components, builders can maximize income potential whereas sustaining a constructive person expertise.

4. eCPM charges

Efficient value per mille (eCPM) charges function a pivotal determinant within the output generated by an app promoting income calculator. The eCPM, representing the income earned for each thousand advert impressions, immediately scales with the overall variety of impressions served throughout the software. The next eCPM, due to this fact, interprets into a better income projection throughout the calculator. As an illustration, an software serving a million advert impressions with an eCPM of $1 generates $1,000 in income. Nonetheless, if the eCPM will increase to $2 for a similar variety of impressions, the income doubles to $2,000. The accuracy of the calculator’s projection is, due to this fact, closely reliant on lifelike and up-to-date eCPM values, typically sourced from advert networks or trade benchmarks.

The sensible significance of understanding the affect of eCPM charges extends to optimizing advert placement and focusing on methods. Builders can experiment with completely different advert codecs, advert placements, and person segmentation to establish combos that yield increased eCPM values. For instance, a rewarded video advert exhibited to a extremely engaged person phase could command a better eCPM than a banner advert proven to a much less engaged person. Moreover, geographic location and person demographics considerably influence eCPM charges, with some areas and person segments being extra beneficial to advertisers. A calculator can incorporate these variables to supply a extra granular and exact income projection.

Correct evaluation of eCPM charges is important for knowledgeable decision-making relating to monetization methods and funding planning. Challenges lie within the dynamic nature of eCPM, which fluctuates primarily based on market circumstances, seasonality, and advertiser demand. Nonetheless, common monitoring and updating of eCPM values throughout the calculator are essential for making certain the reliability of its income forecasts. Incorporating subtle algorithms that account for these fluctuations can additional improve the calculator’s predictive capabilities, permitting builders to make data-driven decisions and optimize their promoting methods successfully.

5. Fill fee influence

Fill fee, representing the proportion of advert requests efficiently crammed with an commercial, constitutes an important determinant of potential income throughout the context of an app promoting income calculator. A diminished fill fee immediately interprets to a discount within the variety of advert impressions served, consequently impacting the ultimate income projection. Correct evaluation of fill charges is, due to this fact, paramount for dependable income forecasting.

  • Income Ceiling Limitation

    A suboptimal fill fee imposes an higher restrict on the income attainable, no matter excessive eCPM charges or a considerable person base. As an illustration, if an app boasts a big person base able to producing 1,000,000 advert requests every day however solely achieves a 50% fill fee, solely half of the potential advert impressions are realized. This limitation immediately reduces the income potential calculated by the instrument. Correct income projection must account for the fill fee to keep away from overestimation of potential earnings.

  • Advert Community Dependency

    Fill fee is intrinsically tied to the app’s advert community relationships and the provision of related ads. An overreliance on a single advert community can expose the app to fill fee volatility primarily based on the community’s stock. Diversification throughout a number of advert networks can mitigate this danger; nonetheless, the income calculator should then account for various fill charges throughout completely different networks. The potential interaction amongst networks influences the general accuracy of advert income forecasting.

  • Geographic and Demographic Variance

    Fill charges typically fluctuate primarily based on geographic location and person demographics. Sure areas or demographic segments could exhibit decrease advertiser demand, resulting in diminished fill charges. The income calculator should incorporate region-specific fill charges to supply a practical evaluation of income potential. An software primarily utilized in a area with restricted advertiser curiosity will probably exhibit decrease general income, an element immediately affected by fill fee efficiency.

  • Impression on eCPM

    Whereas fill fee primarily influences the amount of advert impressions, it may additionally not directly have an effect on eCPM. Decrease fill charges could necessitate changes to advert focusing on or advert format choice, doubtlessly influencing the typical eCPM achieved. The income calculator ought to account for the correlation between fill fee optimization methods and their subsequent impact on eCPM to make sure correct income projections. A technique centered solely on maximizing fill fee, with out contemplating eCPM implications, can result in suboptimal income outcomes.

In abstract, fill fee is just not merely a technical metric however a vital issue influencing the income estimations offered by an app promoting income calculator. Consideration of fill fee variability throughout advert networks, geographic areas, and person demographics is important for producing dependable and actionable income forecasts. A nuanced understanding of those interdependencies permits knowledgeable decision-making relating to advert community choice, stock administration, and income optimization methods.

6. Geographic segmentation

Geographic segmentation is an indispensable element of an app promoting income calculator, influencing its accuracy and predictive energy. Promoting charges, decided by provide and demand inside particular areas, immediately influence income projections. A calculator failing to account for geographic variance will produce generalized and infrequently inaccurate outcomes. For instance, promoting in North America and Western Europe usually instructions increased charges than in growing markets as a consequence of higher buying energy and advertiser demand. Subsequently, segmenting customers primarily based on their geographic location permits for the applying of region-specific eCPM (efficient value per mille) values, resulting in extra lifelike income estimates.

The sensible significance of incorporating geographic segmentation lies in optimizing advert monetization methods. Understanding which areas generate probably the most income per person permits focused advert campaigns and strategic prioritization of person acquisition efforts. As an illustration, an app could select to focus its advertising spend on buying customers in international locations with excessive eCPM charges, thereby maximizing its return on funding. Moreover, geographic insights can inform advert format choice, as sure advert codecs could carry out higher particularly areas as a consequence of cultural preferences or community infrastructure. An promoting income calculator, when coupled with a sturdy geographic segmentation technique, permits for granular evaluation of potential earnings throughout completely different markets.

Challenges in implementing efficient geographic segmentation embody acquiring exact location knowledge and maintaining eCPM values present for varied areas. Regardless of these challenges, the advantages of correct geographic segmentation far outweigh the difficulties. By integrating geographic intelligence into the forecasting course of, app builders can acquire a deeper understanding of their income potential and make extra knowledgeable choices relating to advert monetization and person acquisition methods, resulting in optimized earnings and sustainable development.

7. Platform variations

Platform variations considerably influence the outputs of an app promoting income calculator. The working system, machine sort, and related app retailer insurance policies exert appreciable affect on promoting income potential, requiring cautious consideration throughout the forecasting course of.

  • iOS vs. Android eCPM Discrepancies

    Usually, iOS platforms exhibit increased eCPM (efficient value per mille) charges in comparison with Android platforms. This discrepancy stems from components equivalent to person demographics, buying energy, and advertiser demand. An promoting income calculator should account for these platform-specific eCPM variations to generate correct income projections. Failing to distinguish between iOS and Android income potentials ends in skewed and unreliable forecasts. For instance, an app with a predominantly iOS person base will probably generate extra promoting income than an app with an identical person base on Android, given comparable engagement metrics.

  • App Retailer Promoting Insurance policies

    Every app retailer, notably Apple’s App Retailer and Google’s Play Retailer, imposes distinct promoting insurance policies that immediately have an effect on advert format availability and implementation methods. Restrictions on knowledge monitoring, advert content material, or person privateness can affect the effectiveness of promoting campaigns. An promoting income calculator ought to incorporate these coverage constraints to keep away from overestimating potential income. As an illustration, limitations on personalised promoting on iOS platforms could scale back eCPM charges and general income for sure advert codecs, necessitating changes to the calculator’s assumptions.

  • Machine-Particular Advert Efficiency

    Advert efficiency typically varies primarily based on the machine sort used to entry the app, equivalent to smartphones, tablets, or sensible TVs. Display measurement, processing energy, and person habits affect advert engagement and click-through charges. An promoting income calculator can profit from incorporating device-specific advert efficiency knowledge to refine income projections. For instance, interstitial advertisements could exhibit increased engagement charges on tablets as a consequence of their bigger display measurement, resulting in elevated eCPM and general income in comparison with smartphones.

  • SDK Integration and Compatibility

    Platform variations necessitate completely different software program growth kits (SDKs) for advert integration, which may influence advert serving capabilities and knowledge assortment. Incompatibilities or limitations throughout the SDKs can have an effect on fill charges and advert efficiency. An promoting income calculator ought to contemplate these technical constraints to make sure correct income modeling. As an illustration, an older Android machine could not assist the most recent advert codecs or monitoring strategies, doubtlessly lowering income potential in comparison with newer gadgets working more moderen working system variations.

In conclusion, the affect of platform variations on app promoting income potential is substantial. By integrating platform-specific knowledge, insurance policies, and technical concerns, the calculator’s accuracy improves considerably, permitting builders to make knowledgeable choices relating to platform prioritization and advert monetization methods.

8. Calculation algorithms

Calculation algorithms are the foundational logic underpinning an app promoting income calculator. These algorithms remodel uncooked knowledge inputssuch as person demographics, engagement metrics, and advert efficiency indicatorsinto projected income figures. The sophistication and accuracy of those algorithms immediately correlate with the reliability and utility of the calculator itself.

  • Linear Projection Fashions

    Linear projection fashions signify a simplistic method, extrapolating future income primarily based on historic knowledge and development charges. These fashions typically assume a relentless relationship between advert impressions and income, neglecting exterior components equivalent to market developments or seasonality. Whereas simple to implement, linear fashions present a restricted and doubtlessly deceptive forecast. For instance, a linear projection could overestimate income if the app’s development slows or if eCPM charges decline as a consequence of elevated competitors.

  • Regression Evaluation

    Regression evaluation provides a extra subtle method by figuring out and quantifying the relationships between a number of variables and promoting income. This method permits for the incorporation of things equivalent to person demographics, engagement metrics, and advert format efficiency. Regression fashions can present extra correct forecasts by accounting for the advanced interaction of those variables. For instance, a regression mannequin could reveal that person engagement has a stronger constructive correlation with income than the variety of advert impressions, enabling builders to deal with methods that enhance person engagement.

  • Machine Studying Algorithms

    Machine studying algorithms signify a sophisticated method, utilizing historic knowledge to coach predictive fashions that may adapt and enhance over time. These algorithms can establish advanced patterns and relationships that aren’t readily obvious by way of conventional statistical strategies. Machine studying fashions can incorporate a variety of variables, together with real-time knowledge and exterior components, to generate extremely correct income forecasts. For instance, a machine studying mannequin could be taught that particular combos of advert codecs and person segments persistently generate excessive income, enabling focused advert campaigns that maximize earnings.

  • Monte Carlo Simulations

    Monte Carlo simulations make use of probabilistic modeling to simulate a spread of attainable income outcomes, accounting for uncertainty and variability in enter variables. This method generates a distribution of potential income values, offering builders with a extra complete understanding of the dangers and alternatives related to their promoting technique. For instance, a Monte Carlo simulation could reveal that the app has a 70% probability of producing at the very least $10,000 in promoting income over the following quarter, permitting builders to evaluate the viability of their monetization technique.

The selection of calculation algorithm is determined by the complexity of the promoting mannequin, the provision of knowledge, and the specified stage of accuracy. Whereas easier algorithms could suffice for fundamental income projections, extra subtle approaches are crucial for producing dependable forecasts in dynamic and aggressive markets. The algorithms built-in into the calculator immediately influence its efficiency, due to this fact, cautious consideration must be payed to the choice.

Regularly Requested Questions

This part addresses frequent inquiries associated to the performance, utilization, and limitations of devices designed to venture income generated from in-app promoting.

Query 1: What enter parameters are vital for an correct income projection?

The accuracy of a projected income determine hinges upon a number of key enter parameters. These embody the app’s every day and month-to-month lively customers (DAU/MAU), common person session size, advert format choice, geographic distribution of customers, and prevailing eCPM (efficient value per mille) charges for the focused advert codecs and areas. Neglecting any of those parameters can considerably skew the ensuing income forecast.

Query 2: How ceaselessly ought to eCPM values be up to date throughout the calculator?

eCPM values are topic to market fluctuations, advertiser demand, and seasonality. To keep up the relevance and accuracy of the income projections, eCPM values must be up to date repeatedly, ideally on a month-to-month foundation, or extra ceaselessly if important market shifts happen. Reliance on outdated eCPM values can result in overestimation or underestimation of potential income.

Query 3: Can an app promoting income calculator account for the cannibalization impact of in-app purchases?

Most simple devices don’t explicitly mannequin the cannibalization impact, whereby elevated advert publicity negatively impacts in-app buy conversion charges. Extra subtle calculators could incorporate this issue by way of superior modeling strategies, however it’s important to grasp the constraints of the chosen instrument on this regard. A complete income technique ought to handle each advert income and in-app buy potential.

Query 4: What are the constraints of income projections generated by such calculators?

Income projections are inherently estimates primarily based on present knowledge and assumptions. Exterior components equivalent to modifications in app retailer insurance policies, aggressive panorama shifts, and evolving person preferences can considerably influence precise income. Subsequently, calculator outputs must be considered as steerage slightly than definitive predictions. Steady monitoring and adaptation are essential to handle income expectations.

Query 5: How does geographic segmentation have an effect on the accuracy of income projections?

Geographic segmentation considerably enhances accuracy by permitting for the applying of region-specific eCPM charges and person engagement patterns. Promoting charges and person habits fluctuate significantly throughout completely different geographic areas. Calculators that incorporate geographic segmentation present a extra granular and lifelike evaluation of income potential in contrast to people who deal with all customers uniformly.

Query 6: What’s the relationship between fill fee and the projected advert income?

Fill fee, the proportion of advert requests which are efficiently crammed with an commercial, immediately impacts the variety of advert impressions served. A decrease fill fee reduces the variety of advert impressions, thereby lowering potential income. Subsequently, an correct consideration of fill charges, making an allowance for variations throughout advert networks and geographic areas, is paramount for dependable income projections. A excessive potential eCPM is irrelevant if the advert stock goes unfilled.

In abstract, whereas “app promoting income calculators” provide beneficial insights into potential earnings, a complete understanding of their limitations and the components influencing their accuracy is important. Steady monitoring, knowledge refinement, and strategic adaptation are essential for maximizing the effectiveness of in-app promoting income methods.

The next sections will discover particular methods for optimizing the important thing parameters mentioned above, enabling builders to maximise their income potential from in-app promoting.

Strategic Suggestions Derived from Income Projections

The next tips define actionable methods knowledgeable by knowledge generated from cellular software promoting income calculations. These suggestions are designed to optimize monetization efforts and enhance long-term monetary efficiency.

Tip 1: Prioritize Consumer Engagement Enhancement.

Elevated person engagement demonstrably correlates with increased advert income. Methods to enhance session size, frequency of use, and have interplay must be prioritized. Examples embody gamification, personalised content material suggestions, and push notifications designed to encourage app utilization. Quantifiable enhancements in engagement metrics translate immediately into increased advert impression volumes.

Tip 2: Optimize Advert Format Choice Based mostly on Consumer Conduct.

Strategic implementation of advert codecs, guided by noticed person habits, is essential. Knowledge-driven insights ought to dictate the optimum mix of banner, interstitial, rewarded video, and native advertisements. As an illustration, rewarded video advertisements could also be strategically deployed to extend person retention charges or encourage particular in-app actions. A balanced method maximizes income potential whereas minimizing disruption to the person expertise.

Tip 3: Implement Dynamic eCPM Monitoring and Adjustment.

Common monitoring and proactive adjustment of eCPM values are important. This requires fixed vigilance over market developments, seasonality, and aggressive landscapes. Automated methods that dynamically optimize advert pricing primarily based on real-time knowledge can considerably enhance income technology. Reliance on static eCPM values will lead to suboptimal efficiency and missed alternatives.

Tip 4: Diversify Advert Community Dependencies.

Over-reliance on a single advert community exposes the applying to fill fee volatility and income fluctuations. Diversifying throughout a number of advert networks offers a buffer in opposition to these dangers and will increase the probability of securing high-value advert impressions. Nonetheless, diversification requires cautious administration of advert stock and efficiency monitoring throughout varied platforms.

Tip 5: Leverage Geographic Segmentation for Focused Monetization.

Geographic segmentation permits for personalized monetization methods primarily based on regional financial components and person habits. Establish high-value geographic markets and tailor advert campaigns and pricing accordingly. This focused method maximizes income potential by aligning promoting efforts with regional market circumstances.

Tip 6: Constantly Analyze and Refine Consumer Acquisition Methods.

Consumer acquisition value (UAC) must be repeatedly monitored and in contrast in opposition to the lifetime worth (LTV) of acquired customers. Acquisition channels that yield customers with excessive engagement and retention charges must be prioritized. An environment friendly person acquisition technique ensures a sustainable stream of beneficial advert impressions.

These strategic suggestions, knowledgeable by rigorous software of promoting income calculations, present a framework for maximizing monetization potential inside cellular purposes. The implementation of those ways permits higher and sound monetary efficiency in the long run.

The upcoming conclusion encapsulates the first insights and provides a concise abstract of key concerns.

Conclusion

The utilization of an app promoting income calculator offers a structured technique for estimating potential earnings derived from cellular software ads. The examination of vital components, together with person engagement, advert format choice, eCPM charges, and geographic segmentation, underscores the complexity inherent in correct income forecasting. A radical understanding of those parts is significant for knowledgeable decision-making regarding monetization methods and funding allocation.

The efficient employment of those analytical instruments requires fixed knowledge monitoring, strategic adjustment, and an consciousness of their inherent limitations. App builders and publishers are inspired to undertake these calculators not as predictive devices, however as a decision-support system. The continual refinement of inputs and methods will result in enhanced income optimization and sustainable development within the aggressive cellular software panorama.