Bike Wheel Diameter Calculator: Easy Conversion


Bike Wheel Diameter Calculator: Easy Conversion

The phrase into account refers to a instrument, usually a web based software or programmed system, designed to find out the outer measurement throughout a bicycle’s wheel. This measurement, sometimes expressed in millimeters or inches, is important for numerous calculations and issues associated to bicycle mechanics and setup. For example, if a bicycle wheel’s diameter is inputted right into a biking pc, the system can precisely observe distance traveled and pace.

Realizing the correct dimension of a bicycle’s rolling element is essentially necessary for exact speedometer calibration, selecting appropriately sized tires, and assessing body compatibility. Traditionally, handbook measurement strategies had been employed, however these may very well be vulnerable to error. Calculators, notably these built-in inside digital platforms, provide a much more dependable and handy technique. Consequently, cyclists and mechanics profit from improved accuracy and effectivity when making essential selections about bicycle elements and efficiency.

The dialogue will now transition to the varied points influencing stated measurement, the instruments employed for correct willpower, and the sensible functions of understanding this worth in several biking contexts. This consists of exploring variations in dimensions, contemplating the influence of tire inflation, and detailing how this data is utilized within the optimization of trip efficiency and security.

1. Accuracy

Accuracy constitutes a foundational ingredient of any instrument designed to find out the outer measurement throughout a bicycle’s rolling element. Inaccurate measurements propagated by a bicycle’s techniques can lead to important discrepancies in efficiency information. For instance, an incorrectly entered worth right into a biking pc results in misguided pace and distance readings. The diploma of this error is straight proportional to the deviation between the precise and entered measurements. This, in flip, impacts coaching evaluation, navigation, and race efficiency evaluation.

Moreover, inaccuracy has implications past purely data-driven points. Deciding on inappropriate tire sizes primarily based on defective measurements can compromise security and dealing with. Take into account a situation the place a bicycle owner makes an attempt to put in a tire incompatible with the bicycle body as a result of miscalculated clearance primarily based on inaccurate wheel dimension information. This might result in tire rubbing, probably inflicting tire failure throughout use. The direct correlation between dimension measurement accuracy and secure, optimum bicycle operation highlights the need of a dependable dimensioning instrument.

In abstract, the pursuit of precision is paramount within the willpower of a bicycle’s rolling element dimension. The implications of inaccuracy prolong from skewed efficiency metrics to compromised security. A reliable dimensioning instrument, subsequently, will not be merely a comfort however an important element for knowledgeable decision-making and operational integrity inside the context of biking.

2. Tire Dimension

Tire dimension straight influences the general outer measurement throughout a bicycle’s rolling element, a parameter decided by a dimensioning instrument. Tire dimension, generally expressed as a mixture of width and diameter (e.g., 700x25c), contributes to the whole dimension. Alterations in tire dimension, whether or not intentional, equivalent to upgrading to a wider tire for enhanced consolation, or unintentional, equivalent to tire enlargement as a result of inflation, will subsequently have an effect on the rolling element’s efficient outer dimension. Subsequently, getting into a bicycle rolling element measurement right into a cycle pc requires accounting for the particular tire put in; in any other case, calibration inaccuracies will come up. As an example, utilizing the dimension for a 700x23c tire whereas really using on 700x28c tires will trigger the cycle pc to underestimate distance traveled. The dimensioning instrument, when built-in with tire dimension information, improves the accuracy of related calculations.

The sensible significance of understanding this relationship extends past speedometer calibration. Body clearance, braking system compatibility, and kit ratio calculations all depend on an correct illustration of the bicycle rolling element outer measurement, which is itself a perform of each the rim and tire dimensions. A bigger tire may cause interference with the body or fork, rendering the bicycle unsafe to trip. Moreover, within the context of substances ratio calculations, the rolling element dimension straight influences the space traveled per pedal stroke, a important metric for optimizing biking efficiency. Subsequently, dimensioning instruments usually incorporate tire dimension specs to offer a extra complete and correct estimation of the efficient measurement.

In conclusion, tire dimension is an inextricable element of the outer measurement throughout a bicycle’s rolling element. Disregarding the affect of tire dimension can result in inaccurate measurements, compromising the reliability of related calculations and probably affecting bicycle security and efficiency. The combination of tire dimension data into dimensioning instruments represents an important step in direction of guaranteeing the precision and sensible utility of such devices, permitting cyclists and mechanics to make knowledgeable selections primarily based on dependable information.

3. Calibration

Calibration is integral to the efficient utilization of a rolling element dimensioning instrument within the context of biking. With out correct calibration, derived information pertaining to hurry, distance, and finally, efficiency metrics, shall be essentially flawed. The accuracy of this instrument, and consequently the information derived from it, is dependent upon exact calibration in opposition to a recognized normal.

  • Speedometer Accuracy

    Bicycle speedometers and biking computer systems depend on an correct wheel diameter enter for proper pace and distance calculation. If the entered dimension, decided with a wheel dimensioning instrument, is inaccurate, the displayed pace will deviate from the precise pace. For instance, an underestimated wheel diameter will end in an overestimation of the pace. Calibration ensures the speedometer precisely displays the bicycle owner’s velocity, offering dependable real-time suggestions.

  • Distance Measurement

    Much like pace, the accuracy of distance measurement relies upon straight on a calibrated wheel dimension worth. An incorrect wheel dimension, acquired with a dimensioning instrument, interprets into cumulative errors in distance monitoring. That is notably important for cyclists monitoring mileage for coaching functions or for these counting on distance measurements for navigation. Correct calibration ensures exact distance reporting, which is key for structured coaching applications and route planning.

  • Energy Meter Knowledge Consistency

    Whereas energy meters primarily measure energy output, correct pace and distance information are sometimes used together with energy information to calculate effectivity metrics, equivalent to power-to-speed ratios. Inaccurate wheel dimensions have an effect on pace information, consequently impacting these derived effectivity metrics. Constant calibration of wheel dimensions utilized in biking computer systems ensures dependable information integration with energy meters, permitting for a extra complete and correct efficiency evaluation.

  • Tire Strain Impression

    Tire strain impacts the efficient rolling element outer measurement. Though refined, variations in tire strain alter the tire’s contact patch and, consequently, the efficient dimension. Whereas wheel dimensioning instruments sometimes present a static measurement, constant tire strain monitoring and recalibration of the instrument, when crucial, are important for sustaining accuracy. Common checks and changes tackle the dynamic nature of the rolling element dimension and contribute to improved information accuracy over time.

In abstract, calibration will not be a one-time occasion however an ongoing course of that ensures the reliability and accuracy of pace, distance, and related efficiency information. The synergistic relationship between the rolling element dimensioning instrument and calibration practices is key for cyclists in search of exact measurements and reliable information for coaching, navigation, and efficiency evaluation. Correct enter, derived from a calibrated course of, is essential to unlocking the total potential of biking computer systems and efficiency monitoring gadgets.

4. Compatibility

The time period “Compatibility,” within the context of a instrument designed to find out the outer measurement throughout a bicycle’s rolling element, refers back to the extent to which the calculated dimension aligns with different associated bicycle elements and techniques. A appropriately decided dimension is important for guaranteeing correct performance throughout a variety of functions. The next aspects element the implications of compatibility on this context.

  • Body and Fork Clearance

    Calculated dimension values are important when assessing whether or not a given wheel and tire mixture will match inside a bicycle’s body and fork. Inadequate clearance can result in tire rubbing, compromising trip high quality and probably inflicting catastrophic tire failure. A dimensioning instrument precisely reflecting the wheel and tire measurement ensures choices stay inside the body’s design parameters.

  • Braking System Alignment

    Disc brake and rim brake techniques require exact alignment with the wheel’s braking floor. An incorrectly calculated dimension can lead to brake pad misalignment, resulting in diminished braking energy, elevated put on, and potential injury to the braking system. The dimensioning instrument should yield values that let right brake system setup.

  • Sensor and Laptop Integration

    Many bicycle computer systems and sensors depend on correct wheel diameter enter for calculating pace, distance, and different efficiency metrics. A calculated dimension that deviates considerably from the precise worth will end in inaccurate information. Compatibility, on this occasion, refers back to the dimensioning instrument’s potential to offer a price per the necessities of those data-gathering gadgets.

  • Tire Compatibility Requirements

    Completely different tire producers could have slight variations in precise dimensions in comparison with labeled sizes. The dimensioning instrument assists in verifying the true outer measurement of a tire, guaranteeing compatibility with the bicycle’s meant use and adherence to established requirements like ETRTO (European Tire and Rim Technical Group) pointers. This ensures that chosen tires are applicable for the rolling element and meant using circumstances.

In summation, a rolling element measurement instrument’s utility extends past merely offering a numerical worth. Its true worth lies in its potential to facilitate compatibility throughout numerous bicycle techniques. Correct dimensioning, reflective of precise wheel and tire dimensions, ensures optimum efficiency, security, and information integrity, highlighting compatibility as a important consideration when evaluating and using such instruments.

5. Effectivity

The idea of “Effectivity” is considerably intertwined with the performance of a instrument designed to find out the outer measurement throughout a bicycle’s rolling element. Inaccurate estimations or time-consuming measurement processes diminish the general effectiveness of bicycle upkeep, configuration, and efficiency evaluation. An environment friendly wheel diameter willpower course of streamlines these duties, resulting in measurable enhancements in biking efficiency and useful resource allocation.

  • Optimized Speedometer Calibration

    A dimensioning instrument facilitates fast and exact speedometer calibration. Right enter of wheel dimensions into biking computer systems ensures correct pace and distance information, resulting in knowledgeable pacing and optimized coaching classes. The effectivity stems from minimizing calibration errors and decreasing the time required for iterative changes.

  • Streamlined Tire Choice and Alternative

    Figuring out the exact wheel diameter aids in environment friendly tire choice and substitute processes. Information of the precise dimension permits for fast identification of appropriate tire sizes, stopping set up errors and decreasing the time spent looking for applicable replacements. This streamlines upkeep procedures and minimizes downtime.

  • Decreased Error in Gear Ratio Calculations

    Correct wheel diameter enter is important for exact gear ratio calculations. Effectively figuring out the wheel diameter contributes to minimizing errors in these calculations, enabling cyclists to optimize their gearing for particular terrains and using circumstances. This interprets to improved pedaling effectivity and diminished fatigue.

  • Quicker Body Compatibility Assessments

    A dimensioning instrument assists in fast body compatibility assessments. Exact dimension values enable for environment friendly verification of wheel and tire mixtures inside a given body, stopping compatibility points and guaranteeing secure operation. This accelerates the bicycle meeting or modification course of and reduces the probability of element clashes.

In conclusion, the effectivity positive factors related to using a exact wheel dimensioning instrument prolong past merely acquiring a numerical worth. Optimized processes in calibration, tire choice, gear ratio calculation, and body compatibility straight translate to diminished time expenditure, minimized errors, and finally, enhanced biking efficiency. The environment friendly willpower of wheel diameter, subsequently, represents a major contribution to total biking effectiveness.

6. Standardization

Standardization, within the context of a instrument designed to find out the outer measurement throughout a bicycles rolling element, encompasses the applying of uniform conventions and specs to make sure consistency and interoperability. That is important for correct information interpretation and seamless integration with numerous bicycle elements and techniques. Standardized measurements allow a typical understanding throughout producers, mechanics, and cyclists.

  • ISO and ETRTO Requirements

    The Worldwide Group for Standardization (ISO) and the European Tire and Rim Technical Group (ETRTO) set up dimensions for bicycle rims and tires. Instruments that present measurements adhering to those requirements guarantee compatibility and dependable information change. For instance, a wheel dimensioning instrument compliant with ETRTO requirements permits a mechanic to confidently choose a tire that corresponds to the rim’s specified dimensions, stopping mismatches and security hazards.

  • Dimensional Knowledge Interchange

    Standardized information codecs facilitate the seamless switch of rolling element dimension data between completely different software program functions and gadgets. A instrument that exports information in a typical format (e.g., CSV or XML) permits cyclists to readily import measurements into coaching logs or bicycle becoming software program. This interoperability promotes information consistency and reduces the danger of errors related to handbook information entry.

  • Constant Measurement Protocols

    Standardized measurement protocols outline the procedures for acquiring the outer measurement throughout a bicycle’s rolling element. Instruments incorporating these protocols make sure that measurements are taken constantly, whatever the person or the particular system used. This reduces variability and enhances the reliability of the information, resulting in extra knowledgeable decision-making in areas equivalent to tire choice and bicycle setup.

  • Calibration and Verification Requirements

    To keep up accuracy, wheel dimensioning instruments needs to be calibrated and verified in opposition to traceable requirements. Using licensed calibration tools and established verification procedures ensures that the instrument offers dependable measurements over time. Common calibration and verification, adhering to acknowledged requirements, instill confidence within the instrument’s accuracy and forestall systematic errors.

In conclusion, standardization is paramount for the dependable and efficient utilization of a rolling element measurement instrument. Adherence to established requirements ensures compatibility, interoperability, and accuracy, finally contributing to improved bicycle efficiency, security, and data-driven decision-making inside the biking neighborhood. Instruments aligned with these requirements present a basis for constant and comparable measurements, fostering a shared understanding and selling collaboration throughout the business.

7. Actual-time Adjustment

The capability for real-time adjustment will not be straight inherent in a static instrument designed to find out the outer measurement throughout a bicycle’s rolling element. The instrument itself offers a measurement at a selected time limit. Nevertheless, the want for real-time adjustment arises from elements influencing that measurement. Tire strain, for instance, fluctuates throughout a trip as a result of warmth and terrain modifications. Consequently, the efficient dimension throughout the rolling element, which is initially calculated, shifts. This shift introduces inaccuracies if the preliminary, static measurement is constantly used for calculations, notably in biking computer systems or energy meter integrations that depend on exact dimension information. Subsequently, understanding the preliminary dimension, as supplied by a instrument, is barely a place to begin. The sensible significance lies in acknowledging that this measurement can and can change, necessitating a mechanism for accounting for these dynamic variations.

Whereas a devoted “real-time” dimensioning instrument will not be generally out there, cyclists obtain changes by a number of means. Some high-end biking computer systems provide calibration options permitting for handbook correction of the dimension mid-ride primarily based on noticed discrepancies between GPS-derived distance and wheel revolution-derived distance. Moreover, skilled cyclists usually develop an intuitive understanding of how tire strain variations have an effect on their speedometer readings, permitting them to mentally compensate for these inaccuracies. The combination of barometric strain sensors into biking computer systems represents a step in direction of automating this adjustment course of, although it nonetheless requires handbook calibration and interpretation. Tire strain monitoring techniques (TPMS) might, in concept, be linked to biking computer systems to mechanically modify the rolling element outer measurement, however this expertise will not be but extensively built-in.

In conclusion, whereas the wheel diameter willpower instrument offers a foundational measurement, the real-world software calls for a recognition of its static nature. Actual-time changes are essential for sustaining information accuracy, notably in performance-critical eventualities. Present methods depend on a mixture of handbook calibration, bicycle owner instinct, and rising applied sciences like TPMS integration. The problem lies in creating extra seamless and automatic options that constantly account for the dynamic elements influencing the efficient measurement of the rolling element, guaranteeing the accuracy and reliability of biking information.

8. Knowledge Evaluation

Knowledge evaluation is inextricably linked to a instrument designed to find out the outer measurement throughout a bicycle’s rolling element as a result of the measurement derived from the instrument is, essentially, an information level. Its objective will not be solely to exist in isolation however to function an enter for subsequent calculations and analyses. The accuracy of this preliminary information level straight influences the validity and reliability of any downstream analyses. Take into account, as an illustration, the evaluation of biking efficiency metrics. Pace, distance, cadence, and energy output are sometimes correlated to evaluate effectivity and determine areas for enchancment. If the wheel diameter enter is inaccurate, the derived pace and distance information shall be skewed, resulting in flawed conclusions relating to the bicycle owner’s efficiency.

The importance of knowledge evaluation extends past particular person efficiency evaluation. Aggregated information from a number of cyclists, when correlated with correct wheel diameter measurements, can be utilized to optimize tools choice and coaching methods. For instance, analyzing the connection between tire strain, wheel diameter, and rolling resistance can inform optimum tire inflation ranges for various using circumstances. Moreover, data-driven insights can be utilized to refine gear ratio choices and enhance aerodynamic effectivity. The sensible software of those insights depends closely on the precision and consistency of the wheel diameter measurements, highlighting the significance of a dependable wheel dimensioning instrument.

In conclusion, a instrument for figuring out the outer measurement throughout a bicycle’s rolling element serves as a important information supply for biking efficiency evaluation. The accuracy of this preliminary information level straight impacts the reliability and validity of subsequent analyses. By guaranteeing correct and constant measurements, cyclists, coaches, and researchers can leverage information evaluation to optimize coaching methods, enhance tools choice, and improve total biking efficiency. The combination of dependable wheel dimension information into broader analytical frameworks unlocks invaluable insights, driving developments in biking science and observe.

9. Efficiency Monitoring

Efficiency monitoring in biking makes use of information to judge and optimize a bicycle owner’s output over time. Correct information acquisition is paramount for significant evaluation, and this begins with exact measurements associated to the bicycle itself. The rolling element dimension performs a important function on this course of, impacting distance, pace, and subsequently, derived efficiency metrics. A dimensioning instrument, subsequently, underpins dependable efficiency monitoring.

  • Correct Distance Measurement

    Distance is a basic metric in efficiency monitoring. Correct distance information permits for the calculation of common pace, whole work achieved, and caloric expenditure. An incorrectly specified rolling element dimension will result in inaccurate distance reporting, skewing subsequent analyses. As an example, underestimating the rolling element dimension leads to an overestimation of distance, probably resulting in unrealistic efficiency assessments. Correct dimensioning ensures distance calculations align with precise terrain lined, offering a dependable foundation for comparative evaluation.

  • Exact Pace Calibration

    Actual-time pace information is important for pacing methods and efficiency monitoring throughout rides. Pace information, derived from wheel revolutions and rolling element dimensions, is barely as correct because the dimension enter. An inaccurate dimension will end in a misrepresentation of precise pace, affecting pacing selections and finally, coaching effectiveness. Constant and correct dimensioning ensures pace information displays the bicycle owner’s precise velocity, enabling knowledgeable changes to using depth.

  • Dependable Energy Meter Integration

    Energy meters measure a bicycle owner’s energy output, a key indicator of efficiency. Nevertheless, energy information is usually analyzed together with pace and distance to calculate effectivity metrics, equivalent to power-to-speed ratio. Inaccurate rolling element dimension information contaminates pace and distance data, resulting in misinterpretations of effectivity. Right dimensioning ensures energy information is correlated with correct kinematic data, offering a holistic view of efficiency.

  • Constant Knowledge for Longitudinal Evaluation

    Efficiency monitoring usually includes analyzing information collected over prolonged durations to determine tendencies and consider the effectiveness of coaching interventions. Constant and correct information assortment is important for significant longitudinal evaluation. If the rolling element dimension will not be constantly measured or precisely inputted, variations within the information can obscure true efficiency modifications, making it troublesome to evaluate progress precisely. Standardized dimensioning protocols and dependable dimensioning instruments contribute to the integrity of longitudinal efficiency assessments.

These aspects underscore the important function of correct rolling element dimension information in efficiency monitoring. Inaccurate measurements compromise the validity of subsequent analyses, resulting in misinformed selections and probably hindering efficiency enhancements. Subsequently, a dimensioning instrument serves as a foundational ingredient in a sturdy efficiency monitoring system, guaranteeing the reliability and meaningfulness of the information collected.

Continuously Requested Questions

This part addresses widespread inquiries relating to the willpower of the outer measurement throughout a bicycle’s rolling element. Understanding these nuances is important for correct information acquisition and optimum bicycle efficiency.

Query 1: Why is understanding the rolling element dimension necessary?

The outer measurement throughout a bicycle’s rolling element is key for speedometer calibration, correct distance monitoring, and compatibility assessments associated to frames and braking techniques. An incorrect dimension introduces systematic errors into efficiency metrics and might result in security hazards.

Query 2: How is the outer measurement throughout a bicycle’s rolling element calculated?

The measurement is ideally decided by direct measurement of the inflated tire mounted on the rim. Whereas on-line calculators can present estimations primarily based on tire dimension specs, these are approximations and needs to be verified with a bodily measurement for optimum accuracy.

Query 3: Does tire strain have an effect on the rolling element dimension?

Sure, tire strain does affect the efficient outer measurement throughout a bicycle’s rolling element. Increased tire pressures typically result in a slight enhance within the dimension, whereas decrease pressures end in a lower. This impact, though usually refined, can introduce inaccuracies if not thought-about, notably in performance-critical functions.

Query 4: How usually ought to the rolling element dimension be checked?

The rolling element dimension needs to be checked every time tires are modified or tire strain is considerably altered. Moreover, periodic verification is really helpful, particularly if the bicycle is subjected to excessive temperature variations or difficult terrain.

Query 5: Are on-line wheel diameter calculators correct?

On-line calculators present estimates primarily based on nominal tire sizes. The precise dimension, nonetheless, can differ as a result of manufacturing tolerances and tire inflation. Direct measurement stays probably the most dependable technique for figuring out the precise outer measurement throughout a bicycle’s rolling element.

Query 6: What instruments are required to measure the rolling element dimension precisely?

A versatile measuring tape or a calibrated ruler is enough for acquiring a direct measurement. Care needs to be taken to make sure that the tape is held taut and that the measurement is taken on the tire’s widest level. In some situations, a laser measuring system will be employed for elevated accuracy, although that is typically pointless for many functions.

Correct willpower of rolling element dimensions requires cautious consideration to element and consideration of things like tire strain. Counting on direct measurement, somewhat than estimations, is essential for dependable efficiency information and secure bicycle operation.

The following part will discover superior methods for optimizing rolling element dimensions primarily based on using model and terrain.

Suggestions

This part outlines important suggestions for precisely figuring out the outer measurement throughout a bicycle’s rolling element. Adherence to those pointers ensures dependable information for speedometer calibration, efficiency evaluation, and tools compatibility assessments.

Tip 1: Prioritize Direct Measurement. Keep away from relying solely on producer specs or on-line calculators. Acquire a direct measurement of the inflated tire mounted on the rim. This mitigates inaccuracies arising from manufacturing tolerances and inflation variations.

Tip 2: Account for Tire Strain. Acknowledge that tire strain influences the efficient rolling element dimension. Preserve constant tire strain through the measurement course of and be aware the strain used. Recalibrate the dimension if important strain changes are made.

Tip 3: Make use of a Versatile Measuring Tape. Make the most of a versatile measuring tape for correct perimeter measurement. Make sure the tape is held taut and follows the circumference of the tire at its widest level. Keep away from utilizing inflexible rulers or estimations primarily based on rim diameter.

Tip 4: Confirm Measurement Models. Affirm that the measurement items (millimeters or inches) align with the necessities of the biking pc or efficiency evaluation software program getting used. Inconsistent items introduce calculation errors.

Tip 5: Take into account Tire Put on. Acknowledge that tire put on reduces the efficient rolling element dimension over time. Periodically remeasure the dimension because the tire wears to keep up information accuracy. That is notably important for cyclists monitoring mileage or utilizing rolling resistance fashions.

Tip 6: Calibrate Biking Computer systems Often. Even with correct rolling element dimension enter, biking computer systems could require periodic calibration. Examine distance readings from the biking pc with recognized distances (e.g., measured routes or GPS information) and modify the wheel circumference setting as wanted.

Tip 7: Document Measurements. Doc the rolling element dimension, tire strain, and date of measurement. This facilitates correct information monitoring and streamlines future calibrations. Preserve a log of modifications to the rolling element dimension over time.

By adhering to those pointers, cyclists can guarantee correct rolling element dimension information, resulting in improved speedometer calibration, extra dependable efficiency evaluation, and optimized bicycle setup. The precision of this preliminary measurement serves as a basis for data-driven decision-making in biking.

The following part concludes the article with a abstract of key rules and sensible functions.

Conclusion

The previous sections have detailed the multifaceted points of the “wheel diameter calculator bike,” encompassing its definition, significance, influencing elements, and sensible functions. Emphasis has been positioned on the need of accuracy, the function of tire dimension, the significance of correct calibration, issues of element compatibility, and the positive factors in effectivity afforded by exact measurements. Moreover, the dialogue has highlighted the importance of standardization and real-time adjustment issues, in addition to the broader implications for information evaluation and efficiency monitoring.

In the end, correct willpower of rolling element dimensions will not be merely a technical train, however a foundational ingredient for knowledgeable decision-making in biking. The pursuit of precision on this measurement contributes on to enhanced security, optimized efficiency, and the dependable interpretation of knowledge. Subsequently, constant software of finest practices in dimensioning and ongoing consciousness of influencing elements are paramount for realizing the total potential of data-driven biking methodologies. Future developments in sensor expertise and information integration could additional refine the method of dimension willpower and facilitate much more exact management over bicycle efficiency.